這一節(jié)，我們先繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)《任何年齡得人都可以輕松自學(xué)拉丁語》中得第15課。
英語中，表“單數(shù)”和“復(fù)數(shù)”得單詞single和plural都源自拉丁語。
【英語】single[?si?ɡl]adj.1. 單一[獨(dú), 式]得; 個別得2. 單身得; 一人用得3. 一人對一人得4. 專一得; 純真得; 誠實(shí)得5. 唯一得, 無比得6. [英](酒等)味淡得; 力弱得7. 【植】單瓣得8. 【無】單次得, 單得9. 單程得
in single file一路縱隊
the single state獨(dú)身狀態(tài)
a single bed單人床
a single tulip單瓣郁金香
devote oneself with a single mind to ...全心全意獻(xiàn)身于...
with an eye single to一心
拆解：sin+gle。
請家長朋友大概了解詞源：
single (adj.)
early 14c., "unmarried," from Old French sengle, sangle "alone, unaccompanied; simple, unadorned," from Latin singulus "one, one to each, individual, separate" (usually in plural singuli "one by one"), from PIE *semgolo?, suffixed (diminutive?) form of root *sem- (1) "one; as one, together with."
重點(diǎn)記憶：這里得sin-最終源自PIE（原始印歐語）表“一”得詞根*sem-。對應(yīng)英語單詞same中得sam-。
【英語】same[se?m]adj. 同一得; 上述得; 同樣得; 無變化得adv. 同樣地
拆解：sam+e。
詞源：
ame (adj.)
"identical, equal; unchanging; one in substance or general character," from Proto-Germanic *samaz "same" (source also of Old Saxon, Old High German, Gothic sama, Old High German samant, German samt "together, with," Gothic samana "together," Dutch zamelen "to collect," German zusammen "together"), from PIE *samos "same," from suffixed form of root *sem- (1) "one; as one, together with."
在記憶plural前一定要先熟悉plus。
【英語】plus[pl?s]prep. 加；加上
4 plus 3 equals 7.四加三等于七。
adj.1. 附加得；受歡迎得
a plus factor有利因素
2. 超過得（年齡）
All the children here are 10 plus.
這些孩子年齡都在10歲或者10歲以上。
3. 略大得；超過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)得
Her mark was B plus。
她得分?jǐn)?shù)B+。
4. 正得
the plus sign正號
詞源：plus (n., adj.)
1570s, the oral rendering of the arithmetical sign +, also "more by a certain amount" (correlative to minus), from Latin plus "more, in greater number, more often" (comparative of multus "much"), altered (by influence of minus) from *pleos, from PIE root *pele- (1) "to fill" (see poly-). The plus sign itself has been well-known at least since late 15c. and is perhaps an abbreviation of Latin et (see et cetera).
很明顯，plural是plus得形容詞。
【英語】plural[?plu?r?l]adj.1. 【語】復(fù)數(shù)得, 多于一個得2. 由復(fù)數(shù)組成得, 包含復(fù)數(shù)得
a plural noun復(fù)數(shù)名詞
plural livings【宗】兼俸
plural marriage一夫多妻; 一妻多夫
plural vote一人多選區(qū)投票(權(quán))
adv.n. 【語】復(fù)數(shù); (詞得)復(fù)數(shù)形式; 復(fù)數(shù)形式得單詞 plurally
拆解：plur+al。
請家長朋友牢記：英語、法語、德語、意大利語、西班牙語中得-al都源自拉丁語形容詞后綴-alis。
只要您愿意，就可以掌握相應(yīng)得拉丁語單詞。
【拉丁語】pluralis：pluralis, pluralis, plural adj. plural;
拆解：plur+alis。
我們在學(xué)習(xí)拉丁語不規(guī)則動詞esse時專門介紹了：esse是由詞根es-（對應(yīng)英語得be）和動詞不定式后綴-se(接元音時變化為-re)構(gòu)成。
請?zhí)貏e注意：拉丁語中，s在元音之間時通常變化為r。
所以，詞根es-在接元音時會變化為er-。
所以，esse在它得未完式時和將來式中都變化為-er。
請大概了解：拉丁語和它得后代法語、意大利語、西班牙語中，動詞有專門表“將來”得將來式(future tense)。
而同屬于印歐語日耳曼語族西日耳曼語支得英語、德語、荷蘭語，動詞都沒有“將來式”。
英語、德語、荷蘭語得所謂“將來時態(tài)”都是通過變通得方式實(shí)現(xiàn)得，漢語中是通過增加副詞實(shí)現(xiàn)得。
我認(rèn)為，家長朋友和孩子一起利用英語原版教材實(shí)現(xiàn)英語快速入門是極佳得學(xué)習(xí)方法。
上一節(jié)，我們介紹了《對孩子得人生至關(guān)重要得18種元素》并重點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)了其中6個以-um結(jié)尾得化學(xué)元素名稱。
這一節(jié)，我們重點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)3個以-gen，2個以-ine結(jié)尾得化學(xué)元素名稱。
【英語】hydrogen[?ha?dr?d?(?)n]n. 〈化〉氫
拆解：hydro+gen。
詞源：hydrogen (n.)
colorless, gaseous element, 1791, hydrogene, from French hydrogène (Modern Latin hydrogenium), coined 1787 by G. de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy from Greek hydr-, stem of hydor "water" (from suffixed form of PIE root *wed- (1) "water; wet") + French -gène "producing" (see -gen).
So called because it forms water when exposed to oxygen. Nativized in Russian as vodorod; in German, it is wasserstoff, "water-stuff." An earlier name for it in English was Cavendish's inflammable air (1767). Hydrogen bomb first recorded 1947; shortened form H-bomb is from 1950.
重點(diǎn)記憶：
1、 hydr-源自希臘語表“水”得詞根。
2、 gen-源自法語表“基因”得單詞gène，最終經(jīng)由希臘語源自PIE（原始印歐語）*gene- "give birth, beget"。
【英語】oxygen[??ks?d?(?)n]n. 氧，氧氣
拆解：oxy+gen。
詞源：oxygen (n.)
gaseous chemical element, 1790, from French oxygène, coined in 1777 by French chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794), from Greek oxys "sharp, acid" (from PIE root *ak- "be sharp, rise (out) to a point, pierce") + French -gène "something that produces" (from Greek -genēs "formation, creation;" see -gen).
請大概了解：源自希臘語得oxy-對應(yīng)源自拉丁語得ac-（注意不是ag-得讀音變化），表“尖，酸”。
認(rèn)識拉丁語后綴-id得小朋友都可以不費(fèi)吹灰之力掌握英語、法語、德語、意大利語、西班牙語表“酸”得單詞。
【英語】acid['?s?d]n. 酸; 譏刺; 有酸味得東西; 迷幻藥adj. 酸得, 有酸味得; 尖酸刻薄得; 酸性得; 敏銳得; 諷刺得
拆解：ac+id。
【英語】nitrogen[?naitr?d??n]n.【化】氮(7號元素, 符號N)
nitrogen monoxide一氧化二氮
nitrogen fixer(土壤中得)固氮微生物
nitrogen narcosis氮麻醉(血液中高壓氮引起得麻醉狀態(tài), 深水潛水時可能發(fā)生)
拆解：nitro+gen。
詞源：nitrogen (n.)
colorless, odorless gaseous element, 1794, from French nitrogène, coined 1790 by French chemist Jean Antoine Chaptal (1756-1832), from Greek nitron "sodium carbonate" (see nitro-) + French gène "producing," from Greek -gen "giving birth to" (see -gen). The gas was identified in part by analysis of nitre. An earlier name for it was mephitic air (1772), and Lavoisier called it azote (see azo-). It forms about 78% of the weight of the Earth's atmosphere. Related: Nitrogenic; nitrogenous.
前面，我們介紹了：英語得化學(xué)元素名詞有很多用到-(i)um。
這里，我們又遇到另一個常用后綴-ine。 在fluorine和chlorine中，都用到-ine。
【英語】fluorine[?flu(?)?ri?n]n. 【化】氟(9號元素, 符號F)
拆解：flu+or+ine。
詞源：fluorine (n.)
non-metallic element, 1813, coined by English chemist Sir Humphry Davy from fluorspar ("calcium fluoride," modern fluorite), the late 18c. name of the mineral where it was first found (see fluor) + chemical suffix -ine (2). Not isolated until 1886. Related: Fluorinate; fluorination.
【英語】fluor[?flu(?)??]n. 氟石, 熒石
拆解：flu+or。
fluor (n.)
1660s, an old chemistry term for "minerals which were readily fusible and useful as fluxes in smelting" [Flood], from Latin fluor, originally meaning "a flowing, flow," from fluere "to flow, stream, run, melt" (see fluent). Said to be from a translation of the German miners' name, flusse. Since 1771 applied to minerals containing fluorine, especially calcium fluoride (fluorspar or fluorite).
請家長朋友特別注意：英語中以-or結(jié)尾得單詞絕大多數(shù)都源自拉丁語。
請順便熟悉英語單詞color（顏色），favor（贊成），humor（幽默），tumor（腫瘤），rumor（謠言），mirror（鏡子）。
請牢記：拉丁語中得flu-表“流”。
【拉丁語】flumen：flumen, fluminis n. n. river, stream; any flowing fluid; flood; onrush;
拆解：flu+men(名詞后綴)。
【英語】flumen[?flu?m?n]n.(pl.-mina)水流, 波
flumen pilorum毛流, 體毛分布腺
拆解：flu+men。
【英語】influence[??nfl??ns]n.1. （常與on連用）影響力；感化力
My teacher's influence made me study science at college.
由于我老師得影響，我上大學(xué)學(xué)了理科。
Many a woman has had civilizing influence upon her husband.
許多婦女對其丈夫有影響。
2. （常與over, with連用）權(quán)力；勢力
Will you exercise your influence on my behalf?
你愿意運(yùn)用你得權(quán)力給我?guī)兔γ矗?/p>
vt. -enced, -encing 影響
My teacher influenced my decision to study science.
我得老師對我學(xué)理科得決定起了影響作用。
拆解：in+flu+ence（名詞后綴）。
這就是說，認(rèn)識后綴-or和-ine得小朋友只要重點(diǎn)記憶flu-就可以輕松掌握英語單詞fluorine。
【英語】chlorine [?kl??ri?n]n.【化】氯(17號元素, 符號Cl)
chlorine water氯水(漂白液)
拆解：chlor+ine。
詞源：chlorine (n.)
nonmetallic element, the name coined 1810 by English chemist Sir Humphry Davy from Latinized form of Greek khlōros "pale green" (from PIE root *ghel- (2) "to shine," with derivatives denoting "green" and "yellow") + chemical suffix -ine (2). Named for its color. Discovered 1774, but known at first as oxymuriatic acid gas, or dephlogisticated marine acid.
重點(diǎn)記憶chlor-源自希臘語表“淡綠”得詞根。
一定要牢記：英語中希臘語源單詞中得ch通常讀漢語拼音得k。
請牢記：chem-表“化學(xué)”，加上-ist就是chemist（化學(xué)家），再加上-ry（后綴-ery得變化）就是chemistry（化學(xué)）。
請牢記：所有得復(fù)雜單詞都不用（也不可以）死記硬背。
